Feeding time for hungry young sparrows
I’ve discovered this gives you a good idea of the breeding success of the various species in the garden.
I have a twiggy branch screwed to my bird table. A couple of weeks ago I noticed a juvenile house sparrow perched on the branch. It squatted down, whirred its wings, put its head back and opened its beak very wide. This is classic food-begging behaviour. I’m sure it was also making plaintive noises indicating how hungry it was, but I couldn’t hear these through the window.