Pope Benedict XVI a profile

POPE Benedict XVI has a reputation as a charming and shy man who is also deeply conservative in his outlook and teaching.

The German-born pontiff, 85, who is resigning due to his age and diminishing strength, was elected to the papacy in 2005, only the second non-Italian pope since 1522 and the oldest on election since the 18th century.

The last pope to resign was Pope Gregory XII, who stepped down in 1415 in a deal to end the Great Western Schism among competing papal claimants. The most famous resignation was Pope Celestine V in 1294; Dante placed him in hell for it.

But Pope Benedict’s decision to retire should not come as too much of a surprise. He said after he was elected to the papacy that he had prayed not to get the post and was hoping for a peaceful old age.

In 2010, when he was interviewed for his latest book Light of the World, he said: “If a pope clearly realises that he is no longer physically, psychologically, and spiritually capable of handling the duties of his office, then he has a right, and under some circumstances, also an obligation to resign.”

As the powerful Cardinal Joseph Ratzinger, he was already well-known within the Catholic world before his election to the top job.

His image on elevation to the papacy was one of an enforcer of Catholic orthodoxy and a cerebral disciplinarian who was unafraid to crack down on liberals and dissidents within the church.

While prefect of the Congregation for the Doctrine of the Faith, he gained the nickname “God’s Rottweiler” for his pursuit of Catholic theologians and clergy seen to stray from orthodox teaching.

His pronouncements before becoming pope included labelling homosexuality a “more or less strong tendency ordered toward an intrinsic moral evil” and saying rock music could be a “vehicle of anti-religion”.

The Pope has also proved himself to be strongly against the ordination of women as priests, euthanasia, abortion, and the use of artificial birth control.

Since his election as pontiff, his image has softened, leading him to be dubbed “Benedict the Benign” in some quarters — but he has also attracted considerable controversy.

His 2009 visit to Africa was overshadowed by a row sparked by comments he made while flying to the continent in which he rejected condoms in the fight against Aids.

His decision in the same year to lift the excommunication of renegade English cleric Richard Williamson, who made comments suggesting only 200,000 to 300,000 Jews died in the Holocaust and none perished in gas chambers, also caused uproar.

The Pope later issued a letter expressing his regret about the damage the affair caused to relations with the Jewish community, saying he had not known about Williamson’s stance on the Holocaust when he took the decision to lift the excommunication.

Perhaps his biggest setback as pope was during his visit to Germany in 2006 when he was caught in a firestorm of criticism from the Islamic world after giving a lecture at his old university of Regensburg.

Quoting from an obscure medieval text, he cited the words of a Byzantine emperor who characterised some of the teachings of the Prophet Mohammed, Islam’s founder, as “evil and inhuman” — remarks that touched off widespread anger across the Muslim world.

The anger and violence sparked by his comments, including attacks on seven churches in the West Bank and Gaza, posed one of the biggest international crises involving the Vatican in decades.

In Somalia, gunmen killed an Italian nun and her bodyguard at the entrance of a hospital where she worked, in an attack that some feared was linked to the outrage over the Pope’s remarks.

He later apologised, saying he was “deeply sorry” about the angry reaction to his remarks about Islam and holy war, saying the text he quoted did not reflect his personal opinion.

In a move that was widely seen as conciliatory, in late 2006 he made a historic trip to predominantly Muslim Turkey and prayed in Istanbul’s Blue Mosque with a Turkish mufti.

The Pope was made Archbishop of Munich and Freising in 1977 after a career as a university professor.

He was born in the village of Marktl am Inn in Bavaria — he explained on a visit to Germany after his election “my heart beats Bavarian”.

His formative years coincided with the lifespan of the Third Reich. His family opposed National Socialism but did not participate in public resistance to the Nazis.

He was forced against his will into Hitler Youth at the age of 14 and into the Wehrmacht at 16, serving in an anti-aircraft unit before deserting towards the end of the war.

He was once viewed as a progressive within the Catholic Church and played a key role in the reforming Vatican II, the meeting between 1963 and 1965 that introduced sweeping reforms to the church.

It is believed that his experience of Marxist unrest amongst students in the theology faculty where he was a professor in Tubingen, south Germany, in 1968 contributed to his conservative outlook.

But while conservatives cheered him for trying to reaffirm traditional Catholic identity, his critics accused him of turning back the clock on reforms by nearly half a century and hurting dialogue with Muslims, Jews, and other Christians.

Under the German’s meek demeanour lay a steely intellect ready to dissect theological works for their dogmatic purity and debate fiercely against dissenters.

Despite great reverence for his charismatic, globe-trotting predecessor — whom he put on the fast track to sainthood and whom he beatified in 2011 — aides said he was determined not to change his quiet manner to imitate Pope John Paul II’s style.

A quiet, professorial type who relaxed by playing the piano, he managed to show the world the gentle side of the man who was the Vatican’s chief doctrinal enforcer for nearly a quarter of a century.

The first German pope for some 1,000 years and the second non-Italian in a row, he travelled regularly, making about four foreign trips a year, but never managed to draw the oceanic crowds of his predecessor.

The child abuse scandals hounded most of his papacy. He ordered an official inquiry into abuse in this country, which led to the resignation of several bishops.

Scandal from a source much closer to home hit in 2012 when the pontiff’s butler, responsible for dressing him and bringing him meals, was found to be the source of leaked documents alleging corruption in the Vatican’s business dealings, causing an international furore.

He confronted his own country’s past when he visited the Nazi death camp at Auschwitz.

Calling himself “a son of Germany”, he prayed and asked why God was silent when 1.5m victims, most of them Jews, died there during the Second World War.

But months later, former Iranian President Mohammad Khatami met the Pope and said wounds between Christians and Muslims were still “very deep” as a result of the Regensburg speech.

The Pope is also a cat lover and, as Cardinal Ratzinger, was known to have looked after stray cats in Rome.

The Vatican said immediately after his resignation, Benedict would go to Castel Gandolfo, the papal summer retreat south of Rome, and then would live in a cloistered monastery.