What you need to know about Parkinson's disease 

One of the defining features of Parkinson’s is the presence of abnormal protein clumps in the brain known as Lewy bodies. 

Excitement is building following the development of a groundbreaking technique that enables scientists to detect tiny clusters in the brain, which are believed to trigger Parkinson’s disease.

One of the defining features of Parkinson’s is the presence of abnormal protein clumps in the brain known as Lewy bodies. 

However, some scientists believe these larger clumps originate from much smaller, toxic groupings called alpha-synuclein oligomers — clusters of a protein known as a-synuclein.

Now, researchers have created a new method called Advanced Sensing of Aggregates for Parkinson’s Disease (ASA-PD), which uses ultra-sensitive fluorescence microscopy to visualise these clusters in the brain for the first time.

Researchers hope that this will help them learn more about how the disease develops, and potentially pave the way for new treatments.

In light of this exciting discovery, here are eight things to know about Parkinson’s.

1. The root cause is a lack of dopamine: “The physical difficulties in Parkinson’s disease stem from the progressive death of nerve cells in a small part of the brain called the substantia nigra,” explains consultant neuropsychiatrist Dr Matt Rowett. “These cells are responsible for producing dopamine, a chemical messenger that helps control smooth, coordinated movement.

“When these cells die, the brain can’t send movement signals properly, leading to the motor symptoms we often associate with Parkinson’s disease, like slowness and rigidity.”

2. Parkinson’s is a neurodegenerative condition: “Parkinson’s is a neurodegenerative condition, which means it’s a disease that happens in the brain, which allows the brain to deteriorate and progressively become worse,” explains neuropsychologistDr Henk Swanepoel. “It is a slow process that can take years and the patient will gradually need more and more care.”

3. It is not always hereditary: “People will often ask whether it is hereditary, but in a general sense, genetic factors do not really play a significant role,” says Swanepoel. “Most people with Parkinson’s disease have what we call ‘idiopathic cases’ which means the cause is more or less unknown.”

4. Early symptoms are often subtle: Some of the early symptoms of Parkinson’s disease are very subtle and include things like a reduced sense of smell and changes in handwriting, such as letters becoming smaller and more cramped over time.

5. It doesn’t just affect someone’s movement: “People often think that Parkinson’s only affects movement, but it can manifest in other ways as well,” says Swanepoel. “Patients can also experience memory loss, cognitive fluctuation and there is also the mental health aspect of it. Patients can become depressed or anxious and sometimes their mental health can escalate into what is sometimes referred to as ‘Parkinsonian psychosis’ where people experience delusions and hallucinations.”

6. There is no cure: “Because it’s a progressive disease, there’s no specific cure. So the main aim is to support the patients with their quality of life, and to make sure they maintain their dignity as the disease progresses,” says Swanepoel.

“Management for Parkinson’s often follows a multidisciplinary team approach. So, as well as medication, patients will also receive mental health support from a psychologist, occupational and physical therapy to help with the movement challenges and maybe other types of therapy as well.”

7. Music therapy can help: “Music therapy activates a different part of the brain. It allows a person to regulate their emotion and the rhythm of music can also help with the upliftment of mood and help with depressive symptoms,” explains Swanepoel.

8. No two people experience Parkinson’s the same way: “The disease is highly individualised,” says Rowett. “While everyone deals with dopamine loss, the severity of symptoms and the rate of progression vary widely.

“Someone might only experience a slight tremor on one side of their body, while another might struggle more with balance, stiffness, or non-motor issues like fatigue. This diversity means that treatment plans must be customised for each person.”