US to build 'safer' cluster bombs
The US is changing its policy on cluster bombs and plans to reduce the danger of unexploded munitions in the deadly explosives.
The policy shift, outlined in a three-page memo signed by US defence secretary Robert Gates, would require that after 2018, more than 99% of the bomblets in a cluster bomb must detonate.
Limiting the amount of live munitions left on the battlefield would lessen the danger to innocent civilians who have been killed or severely injured when they accidentally detonate the bombs.
Also, by next June, the Defence Department will begin to reduce its inventory of cluster bombs that do not meet the new safety requirements.
The new Defence Department plan comes more than a month after 111 nations, including many of Americaâs key Nato partners, adopted a treaty outlawing all current designs of cluster munitions.
The agreement also required that stockpiles be destroyed within eight years.
Opponents have complained that the Pentagon has moved too slowly to reduce the cluster munitions from its inventory.
Cluster bombs scatter hundreds of smaller explosives over a large area, where those bomblets can sit for years until they are disturbed and explode.
US leaders boycotted the May talks, as did Russia, China, Israel, India and Pakistan, all leading cluster bomb makers who cite the military value of the deadly explosives.
At the time, Cmdr Bob Mehal, a Pentagon spokesman, said the elimination of cluster bombs from the US stockpile âwould put the lives of our soldiers and those of our coalition partners at riskâ.
Democratic senator Patrick Leahy, who has led efforts to outlaw cluster munitions, said the Pentagonâs move was a step back. He said a defence policy issued by then-defence secretary William Cohen in early 2001, called for a similar reduction in sub-munitions from the cluster bombs by 2005.
âNow the Bush administrationâs ânewâ policy is to wait another 10 years,â said Mr Leahy, calling it âanother squandered opportunity for US leadershipâ.
He said that in wake of the international treaty agreement, the Pentagonâs plan to wait another decade before requiring the 99% detonation rate could not be justified.
The use of cluster bombs has seen opposition in Congress, which last year passed a one-year ban on US exports of such munitions to other countries. It is expected that the ban, which received bi-partisan support, will be extended again by Congress.
The new Pentagon policy appears to plan for a possible end to that ban. The memo states that until 2018, the Defence Department would seek to transfer cluster munitions that do not meet the new 1% failure rate to other foreign governments. Any transfer would require that the foreign government not use them after 2018, and the sale would have to be âconsistent with US lawâ, according to the memo.
The policy defends the use of the cluster bombs as effective weapons that âprovide distinct advantages against a range of targets and can result in less collateral damageâ than other weapons.
And the memo concludes by saying that âblanket elimination of cluster munitions is unacceptableâ and commanders will use them in accordance with the law and international agreements âin order to minimise their impact on civilian populationsâ.
A June report by the Congressional Research Service questioned whether it was feasible to design a bomb that would indeed detonate to the planned level of more than 99%.
âWhile such a high level of performance might be achievable under controlled laboratory conditions,â the report said, other uncontrollable circumstances, such as landing in soft ground or getting caught in a tree or vegetation, could result in more unexploded duds.
According to the congressional report, the US dropped more than 1,200 cluster bombs â containing nearly 250,000 sub-munitions â in Afghanistan from 2001-2002. The US and British forces used about 13,000 of the bombs â with more than 1.8 million bomblets â during the first three weeks of combat in the Iraq war.