My study window looks out over a 10-acre meadow with a small hill on the far side. Under the grass on the hill there’s esker sand and gravel laid down in the last Ice Age. Back in the days when the main forms of transport round here were powered by horses and donkeys people had to be more locally self-sufficient, particularly for heavy items like sand and gravel, and a small quarry was opened up on the west side of the hill.

Michael Werz and Max Hoffman say the effects of climate change, such as drought, flooding and the undermining of agriculture, are among the drivers of migration and policymakers need to face up to that.

A girl suicide bomber blew herself up in a busy market in north-eastern Nigeria, killing four other people and seriously injury 46, witnesses said.

Boko Haram fighters attacked a village in Chad, the first known lethal attack in that country by the Nigerian militant group, which killed several people including a local chief, according to residents and security forces.

Scores of girls and young women kidnapped from a school in Nigeria are being forced to marry their Islamic extremist abductors, a civil society group claims.

THE new edition of the Times Comprehensive Atlas Of The World has turned an area of Greenland the size of Britain and Ireland “green”, as it charts the retreat of once-permanent ice cover.